Half of Britons want immediate EU vote: poll

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User:CharitaCarlucci962 - Sudopedia

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Fixing Psychology: Specification and Perception - American ...

Over on the PsychScientists blog, Andrew is trying to work through the importance of a theory of specification for a theory of perception. (So far, here, and here.) Specification, in this context, refers to the relationship between the many energy arrays we are constantly surrounded by... but for the sake of simplicity we usually just talk about how an object or event shapes ambient light. The topic is worthy of a lot of thought because, traditionally, one of the most important arguments for modern dualism is the argument that there is no specification capable of supporting perception - because, the argument goes, there is limitless ambiguity in the environmental support of perception, some additional process is needed to explain how we know the world. But if there is specification, then perception could take advantage of it, and there are all sorts of cool ripple effects this has through any theory of psychology. Basically, if there is specification, and if organisms do engage with these specifying patterns, then perception can explain an awful lot without need to reference other psychological processes. The possibility of this type of specification, therefore, should certainly be in the top 5 list of important things for psychologists to figure out... because it could rewrite the whole game.

Gibson
The strongest modern proponent of their being specification, was Gibson, and he might be the only person in history with a real theory about specification (this started with the 1961 Ecological Optics paper, though the final version has some modifications from there). There were an intense series of debates about this back in the early '80's and a much more recent set of arguments by Withagen and Chemero and others. While I am still unsure about the current debates, I am convinced that the earlier arguments were confused because no one in the debates understood the context of Gibson in the lineage of philosophy that started with Pragmatism - neither the ecological psychology's critics or its opponents. Gibson certainly knew he was in that lineage, but I am unsure how well he understood his connection to it, and Gibson died a few years before these fireworks started. Turvey, Shaw, and Mace (TSM), the new vanguard did not have a strong connection to that tradition.

Peirce
My read of Gibson is quite different than TSM, it connects strongly with the work of Charles Sanders Peirce, though my understanding of Gibson developed a decade before I was exposed to Peirce. I have been trying to engage a Peirce scholar in writing about the connection, which I think could clarify many issues in ecological psychology. What comes below is sketch of that project, with an emphasis on how it is relevant to the debate about specification.

Truth-seeking and Truisms

We need to start with a basic principle of truth-seeking and a truism. The first is a principle from Peirce, which I will not try to defend here, but would be happy to write more about later. The second is truism from Gibson, though it could have come from others.

Truth-seeking: To have true knowledge of the world it is not crucial that you are never wrong, it is only crucial that you are always wrong in a way that allows you to self-correct.

Truism: All situations are different, and all differences are (in principle) detectable... because a (as William James pointed out) there is no difference that doesn't make a difference.

Building a Theory

Gibson's direct-perception argument is a limited instantiation of Peirce's truth-seeking mechanism. Peirce intended the mechanism as broadly as can be imagined, to cover the discovery of truth of the most basic facts of the world and the most derived ideas. Gibson was more interested in the basic mysteries of perception, as commonly understood - how do I get along in the world that I see, pick up my coffee cup, walk through the room, play a game of catch, etc. For Gibson, seeing the long view of historic debates about perception, it would be a major accomplishment to show that direct perception was possible. He argued that the ambient energy in the environment specified the objects and events in the world around us. Though it was a major conceptual leap, the leap of recognizing the existence of a "stimulus ecology" in which specification must occur... because it is a truism. This hadn't really been considered before, because, for historic reasons, philosophers of perception were obsessed with things that they knew were ambiguous (e.g. projective images). A stimulus ecology can be explored, ad infinitum. Once can move around objects, get closer to them, interact with them. If one can engage with this energy in the right way, one can know infallibly about the world around them.

There isn't really any reason to go any further into Gibson-land, in my opinion, if that first part can't be agreed upon. If you don't believe you are surrounded by lights and sounds and floating chemicals throughout your day to day life, go no further. If you believe that two objects could be different in a way that is in principle undetectable, because no means of interacting with the objects will lead them to affect their environment differently, go no further.

At this point, we have the fundamentals of an argument for direct perception - we do not have an argument that organisms always perceive the world perfectly, but we have an argument that organisms could perceive the world correctly under the right circumstances, with no intervening mental stuff required. The question then shifts to relevant organism-environment processes on very different time-scales: evolutionary tuning, developmental tuning, "in the moment" exploration. These processes are relatively crude, but they have a lot of potential.?

  • Evolution favors accurate behavior; although it is just as happy for crude shortcuts most of the time, it still favors organisms with the abilities to be sensitive to the types of information that specify the objects and events relevant to their niche/Umwelt.
  • Development favors accurate behavior; it is highly dynamic process, and organisms are startlingly good at developing in ways that match the demands of their environment.?
  • Exploration is where this comes together in the interaction of organism and environment, where the ambient energy allows for the detection of object and event properties.?
At this point, the rest is just a practical discussion. Sure, organisms often base their behavior on non-specifying variables, because non-specifying variables are good enough. On the other hand, it is possible to determine when one is wrong and readjust. Is this direct perception? Yes! Because "to detect the unique consequences of a thing" is "to detect the thing" (again, based on the here-undefended pragmatism!). If someone is still trying to challenge the direct perception argument, there should only really be two lines of argument open to them at this point:
  1. "That's all fine and good, but in practice, you will never find an organism attuned to the correct variables."
  2. "Hey, back up a second, infinite uniqueness isn't really the issue here!"
I can draw out the ensuing debates, but I it would be a big distraction here. For now, lets just say that the debates lead to exactly the types of disagreement points from which people can actually do science... which isn't a bad thing.

?Back to Peirce

My point here is to say that if people try to fit Gibson's ideas into the framework of continental philosophy, then there are going to be problems, and you are going to end up in places where the ideas cannot be defended. Gibson's work fits into a different framework, one that challenges the starting place of its opponents on such a fundamental level that trying to argue things at the level of Gibson's theory of perception is to start the argument way, way, way ahead of where the actual disagreement lies. Example: In the continental tradition, you only need one illusory phenomenon to show that your opponent can never be 100% sure of anything perception tells him. In the pragmatist tradition, the fact that your argument is premised upon already knowing that the phenomenon-at-issue is illusory clearly indicates the potential for correct knowledge.

In the pragmatist tradition, the crucial factor is to be able to move towards the truth, to adjust one's self toward ever increasing accuracy. Gibson articulated a detailed mechanism that allows organisms to do this, at least within a clearly demarcated set of circumstances: The interaction of organisms with objects and events on an ecological scale of analysis, as mediated by their perceptual systems. Though this is less ambitious than Peirce, the limitation allowed for rapid advancement of the conceptual infrastructure needed to support the argument.

---------

These ideas need to be drawn out more thoroughly, because I think they will help clarify both what ecological psychologists are up to, and why there is such a strong tradition of debates in which people seem to talk past each other. Hopefully this is making sense so far. If there are any Peirce scholars out there who think this sounds interesting, please comment!

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Iran lashes EU over nuclear talks

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Spain relieved, angry over humiliating bank rescue

Spain's Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy speaks during a press conference at the Moncloa Palace, in Madrid, Sunday, June 10, 2012. Spain became the fourth and largest country to ask Europe to rescue its failing banks, a bailout of up to 100 billion euros ($125 billion) that leaders hoped would stabilize a financial crisis that threatens to break apart the 17-country eurozone. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

Spain's Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy speaks during a press conference at the Moncloa Palace, in Madrid, Sunday, June 10, 2012. Spain became the fourth and largest country to ask Europe to rescue its failing banks, a bailout of up to 100 billion euros ($125 billion) that leaders hoped would stabilize a financial crisis that threatens to break apart the 17-country eurozone. (AP Photo/Daniel Ochoa de Olza)

Spain's Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy speaks during a press conference at the Moncloa Palace, in Madrid, Sunday, June 10, 2012. Spain became the fourth and largest country to ask Europe to rescue its failing banks, a bailout of up to euro 100 billion ($125 billion) that leaders hoped would stabilize a financial crisis that threatens to break apart the 17-country eurozone. (AP Photo/Andres Kudacki)

File - In this May 14, 2012 file photo, riot police stand guard in front of a branch of the recently nationalized Caja de Madrid/Bankia bank during a protest in Madrid. Spain could ask for a European rescue of its troubled banks this Saturday June 9, 2012 when European finance ministers hold an emergency conference call to discuss the nation's hurting lending sector, a move that would turn the nation into the fourth from the 17-nation eurozone to seek outside help since the continent's financial crisis erupted two years ago. (AP Photo/Alberto Di Lolli, File)

Spain's Economy Minister Luis de Guindos gestures during a news conference at the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness in Madrid, Spain, Saturday, June 9, 2012. Spain asked for a European rescue of its troubled banks holding an emergency conference call with European finance ministers, a move that turned the nation into the fourth from the 17-nation eurozone to seek outside help since the continent's financial crisis erupted two years ago. (AP Photo/Andres Kudacki)

(AP) ? Spain's grinding economic misery will get worse this year despite the country's request for a European financial lifeline of up to ?100 billion ($125 billion) to save its banks, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy said Sunday.

A day after the country conceded it needed outside help following months of denying it would seek assistance, Rajoy said more Spaniards will lose their jobs in a country where one out of every four are already unemployed.

"This year is going to be a bad one," Rajoy said Sunday in his first comments about the rescue since it was announced the previous evening by his economy minister.

The conservative Prime Minister added that the economy, stuck in its second recession in three years, will still contract the previously predicted 1.7 percent even with the help. Small businesses and families starving for credit will eventually get relief as the funding props up banks and they increase lending, but Rajoy didn't offer guidance on when.

Spain on Saturday became the fourth ? and largest ? of the 17 countries that use Europe's common currency to request a bailout ? a big blow to a nation that a few years ago took pride as the continent's economic superstar only to see it become the hot spot in the eurozone debt crisis. Its economy is the eurozone's fourth largest after Germany, France and Italy.

Although Spain has not yet said how much money it would seek, the eurogroup ? finance ministers of the 17-country eurozone, of which Spain is a member ? said in a statement Saturday that it was prepared to lend up to ?100 billion. The funds will be sent to the Spanish government's Fund for Orderly Bank Restructuring (FROB), which would then use the money to strengthen the country's teetering banks.

Across the country, Spaniards reacted with a mixture of anger and relief to the news. The full amount of the eurogroup's lifeline amounts to ?21,000 of new debt for each person ? almost equal to the average salary in a country of 47 million where the unemployment rate for those under age 25 is 52 percent.

The country is already reeling from deep austerity cuts Rajoy has imposed over the last six months that have raised taxes, made it easier to hire and fire workers, and cut deep into cherished government programs including education and national health care.

"It's obviously a shame," said civil servant Luisa Saraguren, 44, as she strolled on a sunny Sunday morning with her young daughter. "But this bailout was fully predictable, and the consequences of this help are going to be a lot bigger compared to the cuts we've been living with already."

Rajoy took pains to avoid the word bailout Sunday, saying Spain's rescue package is a line of credit that its most troubled banks will be able to tap. The assistance will not come with the outside control over government macroeconomic policy like that imposed Greece, Ireland and Portugal when their public finances were bailed out.

He said interest rates on the loans will be considerably lower than the rate near 7 percent that Spain has been forced to pay recently on the international debt markets, a level that forced the other countries to seek bailouts.

Spain will regain the economic credibility it has lost by shoring up its banks, which will result in credit being restored so businesses and individuals shut off from loans can start borrowing and the economy will grow again, Rajoy insisted, again without saying when.

Europe's widening recession and financial crisis has hurt companies and investors around the world. Providing a financial lifeline to Spanish banks is likely to relieve anxiety on the Spanish economy ? which is five times larger than Greece's ? and on markets concerned about the country's ability to pay its way.

Spain's government will make a formal approach for aid once independent audits of the country's banking industry have been carried out.

It is not yet clear whether the money will come from Europe's current ?440 billion rescue fund, the European Financial Stability Facility, or the new ?500 billion European Stability Mechanism.

The deal is to be underwritten by the Spanish state, which will use the FROB as its mechanism to funnel the loan to banks in need. Opposition leader Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba said he had discussed the loan with Rajoy and added that for it not to increase the national deficit the entire amount borrowed will have to be paid back to the treasury by the banks "including the corresponding interests."

Economy minister Luis de Guindos said 30 percent of the banking system needed recapitalization. The IMF in its financial stability assessment report said, without listing names, that Spain's two large internationally active banks "are well diversified." It is understood that these are Banco Santander and BBVA.

It said seven former savings banks that have received state support "rely significantly on FROB for capital and liquidity support" and that other medium and small private sector banks which account for approximately 11 percent of domestic banking were also exposed to the real estate and construction sector.

Spain's financial problems are not due to Greek-style government over-spending. The country's banks, particularly its savings banks or "cajas," got caught up in the collapse of a real estate bubble in 2008 that got worse over the past four years. However, as Spain's leaders have struggled for a solution to their banking crisis, the country's borrowing costs have soared close to the level that forced the governments of Greece, Portugal and Ireland to seek rescues.

Some of Spain's banks are struggling with toxic real estate loans and assets amid fears the problem will get worse as more jobless people can't pay their mortgages. The Bank of Spain says the toxic loans and assets total around ?180 billion. Nationalized lender Bankia SA, which has requested ?19 billion in aid, has ?32 billion in toxic assets. Around four other banks serving the domestic market were assessed by the IMF report to have large exposure to corporate and retail real estate lending.

"I could never get my mind round the scale of consumption in Spain over the past 20 years, having known it in the 1960s when it was still extremely poor," said Paul Preston, a history professor and expert on Spain with the London School of Economics. "Lots of people enjoyed the consumer boom, but not everybody. Now everybody's having to pay for it."

Rajoy blamed Spain's woes on the previous Socialist administration of Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero without mentioning him or his government by name. Zapatero was ousted by Rajoy in a landslide last November by voters outraged over the Socialist handling of the economy.

"Last year Spain's public administration spent ?90 billion more than it took in, this can't be maintained, we can't live like that," Rajoy said.

But Socialist Party leader Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba said Rajoy should acknowledge that Spain is now in bailout territory.

"The government is trying to make us believe that we've won the lottery, that the Three Kings of Orient have arrived, and that isn't so," Rubalcaba said.

After his press conference, Rajoy defended his decision to jet off an hour later to Poland to see Spain's famed national football team take on Italy in the Euro 2012 competition. He said he would be on the ground in Gdansk only for the game before flying back to Madrid Sunday night.

"I'll be there two and a half hours and then I'll leave," Rajoy said. "I think the national team deserves it."

___

Associated Press writers Harold Heckle and Jorge Sainz contributed from Madrid.

Associated Press

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Euro zone ministers to consider Spanish bailout

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In China, 1 in 10 TB cases are drug-resistant

In this Friday, March 27, 2009 photo, a man wearing a mask walks past posters highlighting the dangers of tuberculosis at the Beijing Chest Hospital which specializes in the treatment of tuberculosis in Tongzhou, China. One in 10 cases of tuberculosis in China cannot be treated by the most commonly-used drugs, a problem driven by lack of testing and misuse of medicine, according to a national survey made in 2007 and published Thursday, June 7, 2012 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine that shows for the first time the size of the epidemic of drug-resistant forms of the killer lung disease. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)

In this Friday, March 27, 2009 photo, a man wearing a mask walks past posters highlighting the dangers of tuberculosis at the Beijing Chest Hospital which specializes in the treatment of tuberculosis in Tongzhou, China. One in 10 cases of tuberculosis in China cannot be treated by the most commonly-used drugs, a problem driven by lack of testing and misuse of medicine, according to a national survey made in 2007 and published Thursday, June 7, 2012 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine that shows for the first time the size of the epidemic of drug-resistant forms of the killer lung disease. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)

In this photo taken Friday, March 27 , 2009, Gao Weiwei, a doctor of the Beijing Chest Hospital, which specializes in the treatment of tuberculosis, talks to a patient suspected to have tuberculosis at the hospital near Beijing, in Tongzhou, China. One in 10 cases of tuberculosis in China cannot be treated by the most commonly-used drugs, a problem driven by lack of testing and misuse of medicine, according to a national survey made in 2007 and published Thursday, June 7, 2012 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine that shows for the first time the size of the epidemic of drug-resistant forms of the killer lung disease. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)

In this Friday, March 27, 2009 photo, a visitor wearing a mask walks near a poster promoting tuberculosis awareness which reads, "Control TB, Everyone's Duty" and a yellow "Do Not Spit" sign at the Beijing Chest Hospital which specializes in the treatment of tuberculosis near in Tongzhou, China. One in 10 cases of tuberculosis in China cannot be treated by the most commonly-used drugs, a problem driven by lack of testing and misuse of medicine, according to a national survey made in 2007 and published Thursday, June 7, 2012 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine that shows for the first time the size of the epidemic of drug-resistant forms of the killer lung disease. (AP Photo/Ng Han Guan)

(AP) ? One in 10 cases of tuberculosis in China cannot be treated by the most commonly-used drugs, driven by a lack of testing and misuse of medicine, according to a national survey that showed for the first time the size of the drug-resistant epidemic.

Researchers say the findings from the 2007 survey on drug-resistant TB, published Thursday in the New England Journal of Medicine, show that the government must invest more in public health services to better diagnose drug-resistant strains of the killer lung disease. Hospitals must also be prevented from routinely misusing drugs that worsen the problem, they say.

"For the first time, we have a representative, national survey of this problem in China. It shows that this is pretty serious," said Dr. Daniel Chin, a TB expert at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Beijing who is one of the study's authors. "One in 10, by any standard globally, would be pretty high."

The proportion of drug-resistant TB found in the survey was in line with previous estimates that were based on provincial studies, the researchers said. While the survey was done in 2007, the researchers said it took time to culture and test samples from each patient.

The ancient and treatable lung disease is caused by germs that spread when a person with active TB coughs, sneezes or speaks. It has in recent years evolved into stronger forms: drug-resistant TB, which does not respond to two top drugs, and extensively drug-resistant TB, which is virtually untreatable. A handful of what's been unofficially dubbed 'totally drug-resistant' cases have also been identified, most recently in India.

TB is usually cured in six to nine months with a mixture of four antibiotics, but if that treatment is interrupted or the dose reduced, the bacteria mutate into a tougher strain that can no longer be killed by standard drugs. The drug-resistant form takes up to two years and thousands of dollars to treat.

The survey conducted by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, or China CDC, also showed that 8 percent of patients with drug-resistant TB were actually extensively drug-resistant cases. The survey's researchers tested 4,000 TB patients recruited through local TB clinics over nine months.

In 2007, an estimated 110,000 cases of drug-resistant TB and 8,200 extensively drug-resistant cases developed, making it the largest annual number of new drug-resistant cases in the world, the study said.

"This is a very grave situation because we don't have any new drugs to treat the patients with," said Dr. Wang Yu, director of the China CDC and another author of the study. "It is a problem that the whole world is facing... and over time, it will only increase."

The urgent need for new TB treatments has prompted drugmakers to open their research vaults and labs to scientists, and a number of new candidates are being developed.

In the past decade, China made marked progress in fighting tuberculosis, which until recent years was the most fatal infectious disease. But many state-run TB facilities still don't have the resources to test patients for drug-resistant strains in order to give them the right drugs, and many are also unable to track every patient to ensure that drug regimens are closely followed.

The survey also showed that patients who were last treated in a tuberculosis hospital were 13 times as likely to have drug-resistant TB as those who had been treated elsewhere. They likely became infected in the hospitals or were given the wrong drugs. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics is very common in China because it is a way for underfunded hospitals to boost revenue through drug sales.

"The hospital is clearly a major culprit in this, even what we call tuberculosis hospitals which are supposed to be specialized in the treatment of drug-resistant TB, they are actually perhaps, as this study has implicated, contributing to drug-resistant TB," said Chin, who is also deputy director of programs at the Gates Foundation in China.

China's rate of drug-resistant TB cases is lower than in some Eastern European countries, but the absolute number of cases, given the country's large population, is high ? similar to that of India, said Dr. Fabio Scano, World Health Organization's Stop TB officer in Beijing, who was not involved in the study.

___

Follow Gillian Wong on Twitter at http://twitter.com/gillianwong

Associated Press

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PST: Denmark stuns Netherlands 1-0

Man of the Match: While his contribution on the goal was mostly luck, it was amazing how many times left back Simon Poulsen both had the energy to get forward and was able to get back to be the man trying to push Arjen Robben outside. Dutch right back Gregory Van der Wiel is going to be thinking about Poulsen?s performance for a little while, and not only because he was the man often tasked with containing Poulsen?s ventures into attack. Poulsen played the way Van der Wiel?s supposed to.

Packaged for takeaway:

  • There are two ways to look at this match, already being billed as one of the biggest upsets in recent history:
    • The first is partially told by the numbers. The Netherlands outshot Denmark 28-8, and they had almost all of the good chances. They out-possessed the Danes (53-47) and had two legitimate penalty shouts. This view sees the game as a one-off. The Netherlands dominated and the Danes got a bit lucky,
    • The second notes how casually the Dutch approached the first quarter of this game, possessing without purpose. If Robin van Persie doesn?t drop back into midfield as often as he did in the first half ? collecting passes and opening up the Danish defense, promoting some movement ? what do the Dutch have? Anything? After an initial second half push, the Dutch resumed their stoic, stagnant play. We all knew the Dutch had moved away from total football. We didn?t know Spain?d assumed a monopoly on it.?You can dominate the numbers all you want, but if you?re not putting the effort toward creating actual chances, it doesn?t matter.
  • That last statement is a bit deceiving because the Dutch did create chances. They just didn?t create enough. Ibrahim Afellay, who had a good game, had a couple of cracks at goal. Klass-Jan Huntelaar had a golden chance in the second half. Van Persie had three chances that he approached with the spirit of Kerzhakov. Arjen Robben nailed the post off a Danish turnover, and John Heitenga had a chance to convert a second half header.
  • With all those chances, the Danes needed a strong match from their `keeper. Stephen Andersen stepped up, particularly on a second half chance that ended with Huntelaar and van Persie stabbing at him as he held onto a ball 13 yards out. Stepping in for Thomas S?renson, Andersen played like a number one.
  • Interesting that Denmark had eight shots and put all of them on frame. The one that mattered, though, was a combination of great execution and a Dutch defensive breakdown. Poulsen was allowed to carry the ball into attack, and while his cross luckily deflected to Michael Krohn-Dehli (pictured), the Denmark winger needing just a couple of touches to turn John Heitenga, get in on Maarten Stekelenburg, and provide an early winner.
  • It was almost a prototype smash and grab, and Morten Olsen is going to get a lot of credit for the result. Don?t be so easy with your praise. The Dutch had a lot of chances, more than any coach could have willingly permitted. Their central defense (Daniel Agger and Simon Kjaer) alternated between dominant and shaky, hence all the chances.
  • The conservative approach left Christian Eriksen?(Denamrks? best player) a non-factor. Nicklas Bendtner was equally useless. It wasn?t their fault. It?s just the way Denmark played.
  • Only some timely interventions from midfielders Niki Zimling and William Kvist prevented a full siege. Denmark got the result, but this wasn?t a comprehensive lie in wait performance (ala Switzerland vs. Spain at World Cup 2010).
  • Credit to Wesley Sneijder, easily the Netherlands? best player. He was forced slightly deeper from his starting position in order to find room away from the numbers deep in Denmark?s defense. Even from 40 yards out, he was able to consistently hit van Persie and Huntelaar. Sneijder deserved a couple of assists.
  • Looking forward, the Netherlands are in trouble. With Denmark having gotten three and Germany still on the schedule, there are a lot of ways the Netherlands go home, even if they don?t lose another game. Consider this: If Denmark beats Portugal, they?re through to the second round (not really, see comments, below). That means the Netherlands and Germany would fight for one spot.

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Police say Calif. man kills wife, 2 of their kids

(AP) ? A Central California man has killed his wife and two of their children Saturday before apparently taking his own life, authorities said.

The Fresno Bee reports (http://bit.ly/KpCPEq ) that 47-year-old Avtar Singh called Selma, Calif., police around 6:15 a.m. and told them that he had killed members of his family and was going to kill himself.

The newspaper reported that after getting the call, Selma police called Fresno County sheriff's officials and asked for assistance because Singh reportedly had prior military experience in India, his native country. Sheriff's officials tried to contact Singh verbally and by phone, but he did not respond.

When a sheriff's SWAT team entered the home they found the bodies of Singh, his wife and two children, ages 3 and 15, Fresno County Sheriff Margaret Mims told the newspaper. A wounded teen, believed to be about 17-years-old, was also found in the home.

The teen was taken to a hospital and is in critical condition with life-threatening wounds.

A motive was not immediately clear.

----

Information from: The Fresno Bee, http://www.fresnobee.com

Associated Press

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Republicans look south for help in tough North Carolina race

A suicide bomber dressed in a burqa blew himself up near a French patrol in Afghanistan on Saturday, killing four soldiers and wounding five, one of the deadliest attacks on the French contingent in months, as the Taliban step up a spring offensive. The attack occurred in the mountainous Kapisa province in the east of the??

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