Depressed moms' behavior may play role in infants' sleep problems

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-Apr-2012
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Contact: Sarah Hutcheon
shutcheon@srcd.org
202-289-7905
Society for Research in Child Development

Sleep problems are common in young children and can lead to difficulties in families. Several factors likely contribute to these problems, and mothers' depression has consistently been identified as one. Now a new study has found that moms with higher levels of symptoms of depression might act in ways that disturb their infants' sleep.

"This study provides insights about maternal depression's effects on nighttime parenting, and how such parenting affects infant sleep," according to Douglas M. Teti, professor of human development, psychology, and pediatrics at the Pennsylvania State University, the study's lead author.

The research was carried out at the Pennsylvania State University and is published in the journal Child Development.

In the study, mothers with higher levels of symptoms of depression and more worries about their children's sleep had children whose sleep was more disrupted. But did those symptoms of depression lead mothers to behave in ways that interfered with their babies' sleep, or did the babies' night wakings lead their moms to be more depressed (perhaps because of sleep loss)?

It's most likely the moms and their behavior that are at play, the study found. Moms with more symptoms of depression and worries behaved in ways that disrupted their infants' sleepfor example, picking up babies who were sleeping. The authors suggest that moms who worry excessively about their babies' well-being at night may respond to infant sounds that don't necessarily require response or move their babies into their own beds to alleviate their own anxieties about whether their infants are hungry, thirsty, and comfortable. Mothers who are feeling depressed also may seek out their infants at night for the moms' own emotional comfort.

Researchers studied 45 mostly White moms and their infants, who ranged in age from 1 to 24 months, in home visits across seven consecutive days. They collected information about the mothers and their symptoms of depression, asked them about their feelings about their babies' sleep, had the moms keep a daily diary of their babies' sleep behavior, and video-taped mothers with their infants on the last night.

"Although we found greater support for mothers' behavior explaining the relation between depressive symptoms and infant night wakings, it's likely that both infants and parents influence infant sleep," notes Teti. "This helps us better understand what factors influence infants' sleep in homes in which mothers are depressed.

"Sleep problems often endure beyond early childhood and can have a negative effect on various aspects of development, including emotional, behavioral, and academic functioning," continues Teti. "Understanding how maternal depression and sleep problems combine to affect children's development is important to developing interventions to help reduce these negative consequences."

###

The study was supported by a grant from the Children, Youth, and Family Consortium of the Pennsylvania State University.


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[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 17-Apr-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Sarah Hutcheon
shutcheon@srcd.org
202-289-7905
Society for Research in Child Development

Sleep problems are common in young children and can lead to difficulties in families. Several factors likely contribute to these problems, and mothers' depression has consistently been identified as one. Now a new study has found that moms with higher levels of symptoms of depression might act in ways that disturb their infants' sleep.

"This study provides insights about maternal depression's effects on nighttime parenting, and how such parenting affects infant sleep," according to Douglas M. Teti, professor of human development, psychology, and pediatrics at the Pennsylvania State University, the study's lead author.

The research was carried out at the Pennsylvania State University and is published in the journal Child Development.

In the study, mothers with higher levels of symptoms of depression and more worries about their children's sleep had children whose sleep was more disrupted. But did those symptoms of depression lead mothers to behave in ways that interfered with their babies' sleep, or did the babies' night wakings lead their moms to be more depressed (perhaps because of sleep loss)?

It's most likely the moms and their behavior that are at play, the study found. Moms with more symptoms of depression and worries behaved in ways that disrupted their infants' sleepfor example, picking up babies who were sleeping. The authors suggest that moms who worry excessively about their babies' well-being at night may respond to infant sounds that don't necessarily require response or move their babies into their own beds to alleviate their own anxieties about whether their infants are hungry, thirsty, and comfortable. Mothers who are feeling depressed also may seek out their infants at night for the moms' own emotional comfort.

Researchers studied 45 mostly White moms and their infants, who ranged in age from 1 to 24 months, in home visits across seven consecutive days. They collected information about the mothers and their symptoms of depression, asked them about their feelings about their babies' sleep, had the moms keep a daily diary of their babies' sleep behavior, and video-taped mothers with their infants on the last night.

"Although we found greater support for mothers' behavior explaining the relation between depressive symptoms and infant night wakings, it's likely that both infants and parents influence infant sleep," notes Teti. "This helps us better understand what factors influence infants' sleep in homes in which mothers are depressed.

"Sleep problems often endure beyond early childhood and can have a negative effect on various aspects of development, including emotional, behavioral, and academic functioning," continues Teti. "Understanding how maternal depression and sleep problems combine to affect children's development is important to developing interventions to help reduce these negative consequences."

###

The study was supported by a grant from the Children, Youth, and Family Consortium of the Pennsylvania State University.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Gardening | How And Why To Use Concrete In Gardening :: By ...

There are a variety of shapes and sizes that concrete stones can come in if someone chooses to use concrete in gardening. They can look be dark gray or a lighter color, depending on preference.

Many people choose stones that are in specific shapes to bring a personal message to their garden. This is the material commonly used as foundations and as furniture or other structures because once it is hard, it is completely unyielding and stays strong for many years.

Concrete is also used to line the bottom of ponds that some choose to decorate their garden areas with. This helps to keep weeds and growth from overrunning the pond. It is possible to distract from the unattractive appearance of concrete by using different objects to make imprints or having designs carefully sketched into semi-wet concrete. Once it has set, it cannot be changed. It would need to be busted up, cleared out, relayed and redesigned.

Concrete garden benches, stools, flower pots and many other things decorate some of the finest gardens all over the land. They are practical and convenient, perfect for any weather that gardens will experience. When this solid material is used as a flooring or a pathway, a matching set of concrete furniture can often create quite a surreal appearance. For a nice contrast, green leaves of plants and shrubs placed strategically around a concrete garden.

Concrete blocks can be used as paving stones for pathways in garden areas, creating a solid foundation for people to walk on. They can be laid easily in a sand bed without the need of any mortar and are extremely durable. They need to be very strong in order to withstand the pressure of heavy objects such as rolling wheelbarrows, lots of foot traffic and the occasional wheelchair or two.

This material is used because it has the same properties as things like asphalt and creates a hard flat surface in the same manner. It can be used for the walls of a structure, providing extra space for safe storage. If it is used in conjunction with other elements, like rocks, pebbles, or leaves, a unique appearance can be created for a rarely used or seen area. If it is being mixed with other objects, it is best not to use this for a place that has a lot of foot traffic or where furniture may need to be placed. It can create an uneven surface that will not hold furniture correctly or that is uncomfortable to walk on.

Concrete is usually not hard to keep clean but if it has designs in the surface, they may collect dirt. A pressure washing can blast away the dirt, leaving the surface looking clean again.

While some surface materials can be hard to lay, concrete is among the easiest. It is usually cheaper than some of the other materials that are used for the same purposes, as well. People use concrete in gardening for many different functions. It is readily available, found in home improvement stores anywhere and usually for a decent price.


Article Source:?http://www.bharatbhasha.net
Article Url: http://www.bharatbhasha.net/gardening.php/368351

Article Added on Tuesday, April 17, 2012
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